Domestic sewage refers to wastewater generated from daily human activities. Without disinfection and Water Quality Monitoring, the characteristics of such sewage remain unassessed, and its direct discharge is likely to cause severe ecological and environmental damage. The specific hazards are as follows:

1.Soil and groundwater contamination

Untreated domestic sewage infiltrates into soil and groundwater, particularly from toilets lacking sanitary upgrading or anti-seepage measures. Fecal leakage from such facilities contaminates surrounding groundwater and soil, elevating the risk of fecal-oral transmission of digestive diseases.

2.Surface water safety risks

Direct discharge of untreated sewage into ecologically sensitive areas (e.g., drinking water source protection zones) poses threats to drinking water safety. It not only endangers human health but also compromises the quality and safety of aquatic products in aquaculture systems.

3.Water body degradation  

Accumulation of domestic sewage in village or surrounding channels leads to the enrichment of pollutants such as BOD, COD, and nitrogen, triggering black-odorous water formation or water eutrophication. This disrupts the habitat stability of aquatic organisms.

4.Vector-borne disease transmission

Sewage accumulation creates breeding grounds for pests (e.g., mosquitoes), increasing the risk of blood-borne disease transmission.

5.Ecosystem disruption

Excessive accumulation of domestic sewage exceeds the carrying capacity of the regional ecological environment, undermining the stability of the local ecosystem.

6.Living environment deterioration

Persistent sewage flow and foul odors in the area degrade the living environment, causing physical discomfort (e.g., olfactory irritation) and negative psychological impacts on residents.

Given these hazards, rural domestic sewage treatment is imperative. The process should include disinfection and Real-time Water Quality Monitoring, with water quality conditions evaluated based on monitoring data.