1.Overview of Industrial Wastewater Monitoring
Industrial wastewater monitoring refers to the comprehensive surveillance of wastewater discharged by industrial enterprises during production processes, as well as the monitoring of aquatic organisms affected by such wastewater. Process wastewater monitoring encompasses both production wastewater (generated from industrial processes with no direct contact with raw materials) and production sewage (contaminated by raw materials or products). Based on the products and processing targets of industrial enterprises, wastewater can be categorized into papermaking wastewater, textile wastewater, tannery wastewater, pesticide wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, oil refining wastewater, and others.
2.Hazards of Industrial Wastewater
2.1.Groundwater Contamination: Industrial wastewater may infiltrate the subsurface, leading to the pollution of groundwater resources.
2.2.Air Pollution: Certain industrial wastewaters emit malodorous gases, contributing to atmospheric pollution.
2.3.Soil Degradation: Wastewater seepage into soil disrupts soil quality, inhibiting the growth of plants and soil microorganisms.
2.4.Surface Water Eutrophication and Toxicity: Direct discharge into channels, rivers, or lakes contaminates surface water; high-toxicity wastewater can cause mass mortality or even extinction of aquatic flora and fauna.
2.5.Public Health Risks: If polluted surface or groundwater is used as domestic water by nearby residents, it may impair human health or even cause fatalities in severe cases.
2.6.Biomagnification via Food Chains: Toxic and hazardous substances in wastewater can accumulate in the tissues of animals and plants through ingestion and absorption, then transfer to humans via the food chain, posing long-term health threats.
3.Monitoring Items
3.1 Physical and Chemical Indicators
Water temperature, odor, electrical conductivity, transparency, pH value, total salt content, color, turbidity, suspended solids, acidity, alkalinity
3.2 Heavy Metals and Inorganic Elements
Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺), total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), beryllium (Be), total chromium (Cr), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total hardness, total arsenic (As), selenium (Se), barium (Ba), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co)
3.3 Nutrients and Ionic Compounds
Dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chloride (Cl⁻), fluoride (F⁻), total cyanide (CN⁻), sulfide (S²⁻)
3.4 Organic Pollutants and Comprehensive Indicators
Permanganate index (CODMn), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), volatile phenols, petroleum hydrocarbons, animal and vegetable oils, anionic surfactants (LAS), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, o-xylene, m-xylene, styrene
